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Cost Effective Solution to save Coconut trees during forth coming water scarcity months due to El Niño : Olla Irrigation - Ancient Wisdom for Modern Droughts. 🏺 Echoes of Ancient Clay pot Irrigation Long before the term olla entered agricultural vocabulary, ancient Tamil farmers practiced remarkably similar methods. In Sangam‑era Tamilakam, clay vessels called “ māṇ paṇai ” or “kulam paṇai” were used to store and seep water near tree roots - especially for coconut, banana, and areca palms.   These pots were often placed in earthen basins (thottam) lined with coir, husk, and leaf mulch, creating a natural moisture‑retention system. Inscriptions and temple garden records from regions like Pollachi, Thanjavur, and Madurai mention such paṇai neer vaḻi (pot‑water channels) as part of sustainable irrigation networks.  This continuity of wisdom - from ancient Tamil pot irrigation to modern olla systems -  shows how indigenous knowledge can guide regenerative farming in the...
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Most Polluted in United States Air, Water and Land

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Air: Los Angeles
particle pollution and ozone pollution

Air: Bakersfield, California
particle pollution and for ozone

Air: Pittsburgh
particle pollution

Water: Streams and Headwaters in Appalachia
mountaintop removal mining
Head Water Destruction

Water: Gulf of Mexico
excess nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates
HYPOXIA

Water: Chesapeake Bay
urban and agricultural resources," she says. "There's runoff from large factory farms, including large poultry farms, and raw sewage from Washington D.C.

My Ph.D Research: Toxicity Studies on Chespeake Bay Tributaries.
My research was one of the pioneer research on sediments of Chesapeake Bay Tributaries and it indicated that one of the river - Pocomoke River (Later to my study Massive fish kills occured in this river) was highly contaminated with runoff including large poultry farms.


Land: The Nelson Tunnel, Creede, Colorado
Superfund Site Heavy metals
arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc

Land: Iron King Mine Humboldt Smelter, Dewey-Humboldt, Arizona
arsenic and lead poisoning
Land: Escambia Wood, Pensacola, Florida

Wood Treatment:
The soil and ground water around the site is polluted with creosote, naphthalene, pentachlorophenol, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and dioxin.

Makesh Karuppiah, Ph.D
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